Painted Banner (Thangka) of Shantarakshita (725-788 CE), an Indian Buddhist Scholar, Included with a Seven Thangka Set of the Sixteen Arhats (Elders)

The central figure featured in this thangka is most likely Shantarakshita (725-788 CE), the Indian Buddhist scholar who helped introduce Buddhism to Tibet in the eighth century, including founding its first monastery at Samye. He can be recognized by the round green and red stylized traveling bag at his right elbow and the stacks of Tibetan-style books (pechas) behind him, as well as the blue shirt indicative of his Indian origin. Shantarakshita wears a red pandita cap and is enthroned facing forward, holding a book as he teaches. In the foreground, there are six diminutive figures, some of whom may be his disciples and the first monks ordained in Tibet. They are shown in dynamic positions, several of them gesturing or speaking, as if in the midst of a lively lesson.The image thereby acknowledges both Shantarakshita’s contributions as a teacher and scholar, and as one of those who traveled to Tibet and transmitted Buddhism there.

Images of important teachers and historical figures in the dissemination of Buddhism in Tibet are a common art subject in Tibetan painting, but the inclusion of this thangka as the centerpiece of a sixteen arhat set is unusual; that position is normally occupied by the Buddha Shakyamuni. It is likely that this thangka was subsequently added to the set, replacing one that featured Shakyamuni. Subtle differences in the condition and style are present, but overall, the image’s composition, scale, and brocade mount have been skilfully matched with the other thangkas in the group. As for its original context, interest in Shantarakshita and his writings underwent a revival in the 19th century non-sectarian Rimé movement, although it is not clear whether this thangka was produced under its auspices. The thangka has been preserved with its traditional cloth mount and protective silk curtain.